Comparison
Read two legal systems against each other
Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.
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| Attribute | ChadIndexed | NigerIndexed | MadagascarReviewed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Legal family | Mixed (French civil law, customary and Islamic law) | Civil law (French tradition) | French civil law with customary law |
| System of government | Unitary presidential republic | Republic under military-led government | Semi-presidential republic |
| Constitution | Constitution of the Republic of Chad | Constitution of the Seventh Republic (suspended) | Constitution of the Fourth Republic |
| In force since | 2023 | 2010 | 2010 |
| Capital | N'Djamena | Niamey | Antananarivo |
| Official languages | French, Arabic | French, Hausa, Zarma | Malagasy, French |
| Currency | Central African CFA franc (XAF) | West African CFA franc (XOF) | Malagasy ariary (MGA) |
| Population | 18,300,000 | 26,200,000 | 30,300,000 |
| Division of powers | Presidential system with a Prime Minister, a bicameral Parliament of National Assembly and Senate under the 2023 text, and a judiciary headed by the Supreme Court. | Under the suspended constitution, a semi-presidential system with a President, Prime Minister and National Assembly. Currently executive and legislative authority is concentrated in the CNSP and an appointed government. | Unitary with a decentralised structure of 23 regions and communes. Successive constitutions have promised fuller decentralisation, including provincial autonomy, which has not been implemented. |
| How law is made | Bills are examined in committee and plenary and passed by the legislature, then promulgated by the President. The Constitutional Council may be seised before promulgation. | Legislation is currently made by order of the governing authority and published in the Journal Officiel. The suspended constitution provided for ordinary parliamentary passage and presidential promulgation. | Bills originate with the government or members of either chamber, are examined in committee, and must pass both the National Assembly and the Senate; the Assembly prevails on disagreement. The Haute Cour Constitutionnelle may review a law before promulgation, and organic laws must be referred to it as a matter of course. |
| Legal profession | Avocats admitted through the Ordre des avocats du Tchad; the profession is concentrated in N'Djamena. | Avocats admitted through the Barreau du Niger after a law degree and traineeship; notaires and huissiers are separate offices. | Avocats admitted to the Ordre des avocats de Madagascar after a law degree and professional training, alongside notaires for authenticated instruments and huissiers for service and enforcement — the standard French division of functions. |
A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.