Every court, and exactly where an appeal travels next

National — constitutional review and fair-trial complaints

National

National — constitutional review and empara appeals

City of Buenos Aires

Review of the constitutionality of statutes, treaties before ratification and normative acts, on application by individuals who have exhausted judicial remedies, by courts, the President, the government or a fifth of deputies.

Review of the constitutionality of statutes and acts, interpretation of the Constitution, and individual complaints alleging violation of constitutional rights by a court decision.

Review of the constitutionality of laws and regulations on referral by the King, the Council of Representatives, the Shura Council, or a court hearing a case in which the question arises.

Belarus — conformity of normative acts with the Constitution

National — federal statutes, regional and community decrees, and Brussels ordinances

National

National

State-level — constitutional disputes and appeals from entity courts

National

Bulgaria — constitutional review on institutional referral

Review of the constitutionality of laws and treaties on referral by the King, the Prime Minister, the President of either chamber, or a tenth of the members of either chamber; and resolution of electoral disputes.

National

National

National

National

National

National — constitutional review and individual complaints

Constitutional review, appeals from the Administrative Court, electoral petitions, and conflicts of competence between organs of the Republic.

Czechia — constitutional review and individual complaints

Direct actions of unconstitutionality with general effect, review of amparo judgments, preventive review of treaties, and conflicts of competence between public powers.

National

National

National

National

Federal

National constitutional review and election supervision

Review of the constitutionality of statutes and normative acts on constitutional claim by any person whose rights are affected, disputes over competence between state bodies, and constitutionality of referendums and elections.

National constitutional review

National

National

Hungary — constitutional review and constitutional complaints

Review of statutes against the 1945 Constitution, resolution of disputes over the competence of state institutions, dissolution of political parties, electoral disputes, and impeachment opinions.

Review of all legislation passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly for compatibility with Islam and the Constitution, interpretation of the Constitution, and vetting of candidates for elected office.

Constitutional review of statutes and regulations, resolution of disputes between the federal government and the regions and governorates, ratification of national election results, and interpretation of the Constitution.

National — constitutional review and conflicts of attribution

Review of the constitutionality of laws and regulations in force, on challenge by the Senate, the House of Representatives, the Council of Ministers, or by referral from a court hearing a case in which a party has raised the question.

Review of the constitutionality of statutes and other legal acts, including on direct application by individuals, and interpretation of the Constitution.

Exclusive jurisdiction over the constitutionality of laws and decrees, disputes over the competence of state bodies, and challenges to the validity of National Assembly elections.

Review of the constitutionality of statutes and other normative acts on application by any person, and interpretation of the Constitution.

National — constitutional review

Review of the constitutionality of statutes on referral by the President, the Prime Minister, the Speaker or ten members of parliament, and adjudication of parliamentary election disputes.

National — constitutional review

National — constitutional and human-rights review

National

Moldova — constitutional review and interpretation of the Constitution

Review of the constitutionality of statutes, presidential and government decrees, and international treaties, on petition by citizens, the State Great Khural, the President or the Prosecutor General.

National — constitutional review and constitutional complaints

National

National

Provided by the 2008 constitution with power to interpret the constitution and review the constitutionality of laws on referral by listed officials.

National

National — constitutional review and protection of specified freedoms

National

Poland — constitutionality of statutes and constitutional complaints

National — abstract and concrete constitutional review

Romania — a priori and a posteriori constitutional review

Russian Federation — constitutional review, federal competence disputes

National — constitutional review and conflicts between organs

National

National — constitutional review and constitutional appeals

Slovakia — constitutional review and individual complaints

National — constitutional review and constitutional complaints

National

Constitutional review of statutes on referral from the courts, adjudication of impeachment, dissolution of political parties, competence disputes between state organs, and individual constitutional complaints.

National — constitutional review and amparo

National

Review of the constitutionality of statutes and other legal acts, and resolution of disputes between state bodies.

Review of the constitutionality of bills and statutes, dissolution of political parties, determination of the qualifications of ministers and members of parliament, and resolution of disputes over the powers of constitutional organs.

Abstract and concrete review of the constitutionality of statutes and presidential decrees, individual application alleging violation of rights protected by the Constitution and the European Convention, dissolution of political parties, and trial of senior officials.

Ukraine — constitutionality of laws and individual constitutional complaints

Review of the constitutionality of statutes, presidential decrees and government acts, and interpretation of the Constitution.

National

National

National

Presented by the current administration as the highest judicial authority, applying Hanafi jurisprudence; the appellate structure of the 2004 constitution is not operating as written.

National — cassation in civil, criminal and administrative matters

National

National — appeals in civil, criminal and administrative matters

National

National

Cassation review on points of law in civil, criminal and administrative matters, and ensuring uniform application of law.

National

National — constitutionality of laws and constitutional rights

National — final instance in ordinary jurisdiction

National — legality of administrative action

Cassation review in civil, criminal, administrative and commercial matters.

Final review on points of law in civil, commercial and criminal matters from the High Court of Appeal.

Appeals from the High Court Division, by leave in most civil matters and as of right where the High Court Division has certified a substantial question of constitutional interpretation or imposed a death sentence.

Belarus — civil, criminal, economic and administrative supervision

National — final review on points of law in civil, criminal, commercial and labour matters

National

Final appeals from the High Court, original jurisdiction over constitutional questions, and authority to give opinions on questions of law referred by the King.

National

Federation of BiH and Republika Srpska respectively, plus the Brčko District

National

National

Appeals from the High Court in civil and criminal matters; civil appeals may proceed onward to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council by agreement of the parties.

Bulgaria — civil, commercial and criminal cassation

National, under transitional government

National

National

Cassation review of questions of law from the Court of Appeal, and rehearing on the facts where a case returns after a second cassation.

National

National

National

National

National

Final appeals and retrials from the higher people's courts, mandatory review of all death sentences, trial of cases of national significance, and the issuing of judicial interpretations binding on all lower courts.

National

National

National

National

National

National — revision and uniform application of law

Final review in criminal, civil, administrative, labour, family, economic and military matters, and issuance of binding instructions on the uniform application of law.

Final appeals in civil and criminal matters, and jurisdiction over constitutional questions and the legality of administrative acts following the 2023 restructuring.

Czechia — civil and criminal extraordinary appeals

National — final appeal

National

Cassation review of civil, commercial, criminal, labour, tax and administrative judgments, and first-instance jurisdiction over senior officials.

National

National

National

National

National

National

National — cassation and constitutional review

National

Federal

Final appeals from the Court of Appeal with leave, and exclusive original jurisdiction under section 91 of the Constitution to determine constitutional questions referred to it.

National — final appeal by leave

National — administrative law

National civil, commercial, social and criminal law

National administrative law

National, post-transition

National

Cassation review in civil, administrative and criminal matters.

National civil and criminal law

National

National — cassation in civil and criminal matters

National — judicial review of administrative action

National

National, under transitional charter

National

National

Cassation review of judgments of the courts of appeal, and constitutional questions arising in cases before it given that the Conseil Constitutionnel was never established.

Vatican City State — final review on points of law

National

Hungary — review proceedings and binding uniformity decisions

National — final appeal by leave

National

Cassation review in civil, criminal, religious, military and administrative matters, review of regulations below statutory level, and supervision of all courts other than the Constitutional Court.

Review of judgments of the lower courts for conformity with law and Islamic principles, and issuing unifying precedent decisions binding on lower courts.

Final review on points of law in civil, criminal and personal-status matters from the courts of appeal.

National — constitutional and final appeal

Appeals from the District Courts, and — sitting as the High Court of Justice — direct first-instance jurisdiction over petitions against state authorities, including the government, the military and administrative bodies.

National — cassation in civil and criminal matters

National

Final review on points of law in civil and criminal matters, and sitting as the High Court of Justice for certain administrative questions before the 2014 restructuring.

Cassation review in civil, criminal and administrative matters, and issuing normative resolutions that bind the lower courts.

National

Final review on points of law in civil, commercial, criminal and personal-status matters.

Cassation review in civil, criminal, economic and administrative matters, and supervision of the lower courts.

Cassation and review of judgments of the appellate and people's courts, and issuing guidance on the uniform application of law.

National — cassation

Final review on points of law in civil, commercial and criminal matters, through chambers sitting in Beirut.

National

National

National, contested

National — constitutional rights and disputes between state organs

National — final instance in ordinary jurisdiction

National — cassation

National — conformity of statutes with the constitution

National — final review of law in civil, commercial and criminal matters

National — appeals in administrative law, including immigration and tax

National

National

Final appeals from the Court of Appeal by leave, exclusive original jurisdiction over disputes between the Federation and the States and on the validity of federal or state law, and advisory jurisdiction on royal reference.

Final appeals from the High Court, constitutional review, and original jurisdiction in matters the court determines to be of public importance.

National, under transitional government

Final appeals from the High Court, and constitutional review of legislation and executive action.

National

National

Final appeals from the Trial Division and from state supreme courts on questions of national law, and constitutional review of national legislation and executive action.

Moldova — cassation and uniform application of the law

National — constitutional rights and administrative legality

National — final review of law

Final appeals in civil, criminal and administrative matters, official interpretation of statutes for the lower courts, and first-instance jurisdiction over a narrow class of cases.

National — revision and uniform application of law

National

Provided by the 2008 constitution with appellate and revisional jurisdiction and power to issue constitutional writs; operating under the administration established after the February 2021 coup.

National

Final appeals from the Supreme Court of Nauru in civil, criminal and constitutional matters.

Extraordinary original jurisdiction under Article 133 to enforce fundamental rights and review the constitutionality of laws, final appeals from the High Courts, and a Constitutional Bench for federalism and election disputes.

National — points of law only

National — administrative law, including asylum, environment and planning

Final appeals in all civil and criminal matters, by leave only, where the appeal involves a matter of general or public importance, a substantial miscarriage of justice, or a matter of general commercial significance.

National

National, under transitional government

Federal

Stated in the Constitution and the Court Organisation Act as the highest judicial organ, responsible to the Supreme People's Assembly, with appellate and supervisory jurisdiction over provincial and people's courts.

National — revision and uniform application of law

National — final appeal

Final review on points of law in civil, commercial, criminal, labour and personal-status matters, and ensuring uniform application of law.

Appeals from the High Courts, original jurisdiction under Article 184(3) on questions of public importance involving fundamental rights, advisory jurisdiction on presidential reference, and a Shariat Appellate Bench for appeals from the Federal Shariat Court.

Final appeals from the Trial Division, the Court of Common Pleas and the Land Court, and constitutional review of legislation and executive action.

Civil, criminal and administrative jurisdiction as provided by the Basic Law and the Judicial Authority Law, exercised through a High Court, courts of appeal, courts of first instance and magistrate courts.

National

Final appeals from the National Court, exclusive jurisdiction under section 18 to interpret and apply constitutional laws, and an advisory jurisdiction under section 19.

National

National

Final appeals, expanded certiorari jurisdiction to determine grave abuse of discretion by any branch or instrumentality of government, rule-making power over pleading, practice and procedure, and administrative supervision of all courts.

Poland — cassation in civil, criminal, labour and disciplinary matters

National — cassation in civil and criminal matters

Final review on points of law in civil, commercial, criminal and personal-status matters, and constitutional questions pending the establishment of a separate constitutional body.

National

Romania — second appeals and uniform interpretation of law

Russian Federation — civil, criminal, administrative and commercial cases

National

Final appeals from the Supreme Court in civil, criminal and constitutional matters.

National

Review of judgments for conformity with Sharia and with royal decrees and regulations issued consistently with it, and supervision of the uniform application of law.

National

National — extraordinary remedies and uniform case law

National

National

Final appeals in civil and criminal matters from the High Court and the Appellate Division, and constitutional references.

Slovakia — civil, commercial and criminal extraordinary appeals

National — revision in civil, criminal, commercial, labour and administrative matters

Final appeals from the High Court in civil and criminal matters.

Federal

Final appeals in civil, criminal, administrative, family and military matters, and review of the legality of subordinate legislation and administrative action.

National

National — cassation in all branches of ordinary jurisdiction

Exclusive original jurisdiction over fundamental-rights applications under Article 126, constitutional review of bills before enactment under Article 121, final appeals from the Court of Appeal by leave, and consultative jurisdiction on presidential reference.

National, disrupted

National

National — final appeal by leave

National — administrative law

National — final appellate instance

Final review on points of law in civil, commercial, criminal and personal-status matters, as provided by the Judicial Authority Law.

Cassation and supervisory review in civil, criminal, family and administrative matters, and supervision of the lower courts.

National, including Zanzibar

Final appeals in civil and criminal matters, with a Criminal Division for Political Office Holders exercising first-instance jurisdiction over senior officials.

Appeals from the district courts and, pending establishment of the Supreme Court of Justice, the constitutional review and electoral jurisdiction assigned to that court by the Constitution.

National

Final appeals from the Supreme Court and the Magistrates' Courts in civil and criminal matters. Appeals concerning hereditary estates and titles go instead to the Privy Council of Tonga.

National

Final review of judgments of the civil and criminal courts, and ensuring uniform application of law through its assemblies.

Final review in administrative matters, first-instance jurisdiction over presidential decrees and certain regulations, and advisory opinions on draft legislation.

Provided by the Constitution and the Law on Courts with cassation and supervisory jurisdiction in civil, criminal, administrative and economic matters.

National

Ukraine — cassation in civil, criminal, commercial and administrative cases

Constitutional review of federal and emirate legislation, disputes between emirates or between an emirate and the federation, final review on points of law from the federal courts of appeal, and trial of offences against the security of the state.

All three UK jurisdictions, except Scottish criminal appeals

National — final appellate and limited original jurisdiction

National

Cassation review in civil, criminal, economic and administrative matters, and supervision of the lower courts.

Final appeals from the Supreme Court in civil, criminal and constitutional matters.

National

Cassation and reopening review of judgments of the lower courts, and issuing precedent-setting decisions and guidance on uniform application of law.

Provided by the Constitution and the Judicial Authority Law with constitutional review, final review on points of law, and electoral jurisdiction.

Provincial-level adjudication and appeals, as organised by the current administration.

Appeals from the High Court and, in some matters, from Magistrates' Courts of this state and of the other member states and territories of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court.

Federal

Appeals on fact and law from the courts of general jurisdiction, in separate civil and criminal chambers.

Regional — four appellate districts (Vienna, Graz, Linz, Innsbruck)

Appeals on fact and law from the district and specialised first-instance courts.

Appeals from the Supreme Court and from Magistrates' Courts in civil and criminal matters.

Original writ jurisdiction under Article 102 for enforcement of fundamental rights and review of state action, appeals and revisions from the subordinate courts, and supervision of all courts and tribunals.

Appeals from the High Court and from Magistrates' Courts in civil and criminal matters.

Minsk — appeals from district courts and grave first-instance cases

Five appeal areas: Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Liège and Mons

National

Appeals from the dzongkhag courts, and first-instance jurisdiction over serious matters and cases involving the state.

State of São Paulo

Unlimited civil and criminal first-instance jurisdiction, and appeals from the Intermediate Court and Magistrates' Courts.

Appeals on fact and law from the municipal and provincial courts of first instance.

National federal matters

Santiago jurisdiction

Appeals from intermediate people's courts, first-instance trial of the most serious provincial-level cases, and review of death sentences before they are referred to the Supreme People's Court.

Regional

Appeals from municipal courts and first-instance trial of serious crimes and substantial civil, economic and administrative claims.

Eastern and Western Denmark

Appeals from the High Court and, in some matters, from Magistrates' Courts of this state and of the other member states and territories of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court.

Appeals from courts of first instance in civil, commercial, criminal, labour and juvenile matters.

Pichincha province

Regional

National (Tallinn and Tartu)

Appeals from the High Court in civil and criminal matters.

Appeals from the city and district courts in civil, administrative and criminal matters.

Southern Bavaria

Appeals from the High Court and, in some matters, from Magistrates' Courts of this state and of the other member states and territories of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court.

Regional

National

Appeals from the tribunaux de première instance in civil, commercial and criminal matters.

Regional

National

National Capital Territory of Delhi

National

First-instance jurisdiction over serious criminal offences, higher-value civil claims, company and insolvency matters, and appeals from the Magistrates' Courts.

Appeals from the Supreme Court and the Parish Courts in civil and criminal matters, and from certain tribunals.

Kantō region

Appeals from the High Court in civil and criminal matters.

Appeals from the local courts of the region, and first-instance jurisdiction over the most serious criminal matters.

Appeals from the provincial and district people's courts within the region.

National — review of decisions by public authorities

National

National

Appeals from the High Courts in civil and criminal matters.

Appeals from the superior courts and the magistrate courts of the atolls, and judicial review of administrative action.

National — civil appeals in superior and inferior jurisdiction

Circuit

All matters of state law in their state, including land tenure, inheritance, probate and local offences, with appellate jurisdiction over municipal courts.

Central Moldova including Chișinău — appeals from district courts

National

Appeals from soum and inter-soum courts and from district courts of Ulaanbaatar, and first-instance jurisdiction over serious criminal matters.

Appeals from the district courts, writ jurisdiction within the province, and first-instance jurisdiction over serious offences.

Regional — four appeal jurisdictions

Appeals from the High Court in civil and criminal matters, and from some specialist courts and tribunals.

Regional

Federal, sitting in divisions

Provided by statute with first-instance jurisdiction over serious matters and appellate jurisdiction over the people's courts of the province.

National (six regions)

Appeals on fact and law from the courts of first instance, in civil, criminal, labour and personal-status circuits.

Writ jurisdiction under Article 199 for enforcement of fundamental rights and review of state action, appeals from the district judiciary, and supervision of subordinate courts and tribunals.

Judicial district

Asunción judicial circumscription

Lima judicial district

Appeals from the Regional Trial Courts and from quasi-judicial agencies, and original jurisdiction over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus and the writs of amparo and habeas data.

Bucharest and surrounding counties — appeals and specified first-instance cases

Appeals from the High Court and, in some matters, from Magistrates' Courts of this state and of the other member states and territories of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court.

Appeals from the High Court and, in some matters, from Magistrates' Courts of this state and of the other member states and territories of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court.

Appeals from the High Court and, in some matters, from Magistrates' Courts of this state and of the other member states and territories of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court.

National — civil and criminal appeals

Unlimited civil and criminal first-instance jurisdiction, judicial review of administrative action, admiralty, insolvency and probate, and appeals from the State Courts.

National, except constitutional finality

Appeals from district courts and family courts, and first-instance jurisdiction over certain administrative cases.

Appeals from the High Court and District Courts, writ jurisdiction over administrative action, and revisionary jurisdiction over the lower courts.

Cantonal — appeals from district courts

Appeals from the Land Court on the succession to and boundaries of hereditary estates and on hereditary noble titles.

Appeals from the High Court and from Magistrates' Courts in civil and criminal matters.

Appeals from district and city courts, and first-instance jurisdiction over serious criminal matters, as provided by the Law on Courts.

Appeals from the High Court in civil and criminal matters.

England and Wales

Nine western states and two territories

National

Appeals from district and city courts, and first-instance jurisdiction over serious criminal and higher-value civil matters.

Caracas Metropolitan Area

Appeals from the provincial people's courts and cassation review of district court judgments.

National — high-level corruption and organised crime

National employment relations

Marriage, divorce, custody and inheritance for Muslims, in separate Sunni and Jafari branches, with civil courts handling non-Muslim personal status.

National — administrative acts and regulations of every level of government

National

State-level offences, war crimes, organised crime and administrative review

National employment disputes

Appeals from the Syariah High Court in matters of Islamic family law, inheritance and offences under the Syariah Penal Code Order.