Comparison

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Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.

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Comparison of selected legal systems
Attribute	EswatiniReviewed	ChadIndexed	BotswanaReviewed
Legal family	Mixed Roman-Dutch, English common law and Swazi customary law	Mixed (French civil law, customary and Islamic law)	Mixed Roman-Dutch and English common law
System of government	Absolute monarchy	Unitary presidential republic	Parliamentary republic
Constitution	Constitution of the Kingdom of Eswatini	Constitution of the Republic of Chad	Constitution of Botswana
In force since	2005	2023	1966
Capital	Mbabane	N'Djamena	Gaborone
Official languages	siSwati, English	French, Arabic	English, Setswana
Currency	Swazi lilangeni (SZL)	Central African CFA franc (XAF)	Botswana pula (BWP)
Population	1,200,000	18,300,000	2,680,000
Division of powers	Unitary with four regions and 55 tinkhundla constituencies that combine electoral and administrative functions. Chiefs administer Swazi Nation Land under the King as trustee.	Presidential system with a Prime Minister, a bicameral Parliament of National Assembly and Senate under the 2023 text, and a judiciary headed by the Supreme Court.	Unitary. Districts and sub-districts administer central policy, and the House of Chiefs (Ntlo ya Dikgosi) is an advisory chamber that must be consulted on bills affecting customary law, tribal organisation and tribal property.
How law is made	Bills pass the House of Assembly and Senate and require royal assent, which the King may withhold. The King may also legislate by decree in defined circumstances, and bills touching Swazi law and custom are referred to traditional structures. Constitutional amendment requires a two-thirds majority of both chambers sitting jointly, and for entrenched provisions a referendum.	Bills are examined in committee and plenary and passed by the legislature, then promulgated by the President. The Constitutional Council may be seised before promulgation.	Bills are introduced in the National Assembly, take three readings with committee scrutiny between the second and third, and go to the President for assent. Bills affecting customary law, tribal property or the organisation of the tribes must first be referred to the Ntlo ya Dikgosi for its opinion, though that opinion does not bind the Assembly.
Legal profession	A fused profession of attorneys admitted by the High Court after a law degree and articles, regulated by the Law Society of Eswatini; advocates may be admitted separately for higher-court work.	Avocats admitted through the Ordre des avocats du Tchad; the profession is concentrated in N'Djamena.	A fused profession of attorneys admitted by the High Court after a recognised law degree and articles of pupillage; there is no split between advocates and attorneys, and the Law Society of Botswana regulates practice.

A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.