Comparison
Read two legal systems against each other
Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.
Select up to six documented jurisdictions
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| Attribute | GermanyReviewed | IndiaReviewed |
|---|---|---|
| Legal family | Civil law | Common law with personal-law pluralism |
| System of governmentIdentical | Federal parliamentary republic | Federal parliamentary republic |
| Constitution | Grundgesetz (Basic Law) | Constitution of India |
| In force since | 1949 | 1950 |
| Capital | Berlin | New Delhi |
| Official languages | German | Hindi, English, +22 scheduled languages |
| Currency | Euro (EUR) | Indian Rupee (INR) |
| Population | 84,400,000 | 1,441,000,000 |
| Division of powers | Rechtsstaat separation of powers with an unusually strong Federal Constitutional Court that can annul statutes and hear individual constitutional complaints. | Parliamentary federalism with subjects distributed across Union, State and Concurrent Lists; judicial review is entrenched, and writ jurisdiction under Articles 32 and 226 is broad. |
| How law is made | Bills originate with the government, Bundestag or Bundesrat, pass three readings in the Bundestag, then require Bundesrat consent or non-objection; a mediation committee resolves deadlock. | Bills pass three readings in each House; money bills originate only in the Lok Sabha. Presidential assent follows, and ordinances may be promulgated between sessions. |
| Legal profession | Two state examinations plus a two-year Referendariat produce the unified jurist qualified as Rechtsanwalt, judge, prosecutor or notary. | A single fused profession of advocates enrolled with State Bar Councils under the Advocates Act 1961, subject to the All India Bar Examination. |
A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.