Comparison
Read two legal systems against each other
Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.
Select up to six documented jurisdictions
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| Attribute | IndiaReviewed | ChinaReviewed |
|---|---|---|
| Legal family | Common law with personal-law pluralism | Socialist civil law |
| System of government | Federal parliamentary republic | Socialist one-party republic |
| Constitution | Constitution of India | Constitution of the People's Republic of China |
| In force since | 1950 | 1982 |
| Capital | New Delhi | Beijing |
| Official languages | Hindi, English, +22 scheduled languages | Standard Chinese (Putonghua) |
| Currency | Indian Rupee (INR) | Renminbi (CNY) |
| Population | 1,441,000,000 | 1,410,000,000 |
| Division of powers | Parliamentary federalism with subjects distributed across Union, State and Concurrent Lists; judicial review is entrenched, and writ jurisdiction under Articles 32 and 226 is broad. | Unitary, with a highly asymmetric structure: 23 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly administered municipalities and two special administrative regions. Hong Kong and Macao operate under 'one country, two systems' with their own Basic Laws, their own courts of final appeal, and legal systems that remain common-law and Portuguese-derived civil-law respectively. Provincial people's congresses may enact local regulations that must not contravene national law. |
| How law is made | Bills pass three readings in each House; money bills originate only in the Lok Sabha. Presidential assent follows, and ordinances may be promulgated between sessions. | The NPC meets in plenary once a year, so the Standing Committee enacts most legislation. A bill is normally read three times under the Legislation Law, with drafts published for public comment — the Civil Code drafts drew over a million submissions. The NPCSC also has power to interpret laws, which it exercises as a substantive lawmaking tool. There is no presidential veto: the President promulgates what the NPC or its Standing Committee has passed. |
| Legal profession | A single fused profession of advocates enrolled with State Bar Councils under the Advocates Act 1961, subject to the All India Bar Examination. | Lawyers are licensed under the Lawyers Law after passing the National Unified Legal Profession Qualification Examination, which since 2018 has also been the common entry route for judges, prosecutors and notaries. Firms are licensed and subject to annual inspection by provincial justice departments, and membership of the All China Lawyers Association is mandatory. A 2012 amendment to the Lawyers Law requires an oath that includes loyalty to the leadership of the Communist Party, and the annual licence renewal is the principal point of leverage over practitioners in politically sensitive work. |
A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.