Comparison
Read two legal systems against each other
Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.
Select up to six documented jurisdictions
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| Attribute | IndiaReviewed | MaltaReviewed | AustriaReviewed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Legal family | Common law with personal-law pluralism | Mixed (civil and common law) | Civil law |
| System of government | Federal parliamentary republic | Unitary parliamentary republic | Federal parliamentary republic |
| Constitution | Constitution of India | Constitution of Malta | Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz (B-VG) |
| In force since | 1950 | 1964 | 1920 |
| Capital | New Delhi | Valletta | Vienna |
| Official languages | Hindi, English, +22 scheduled languages | Maltese, English | German |
| Currency | Indian Rupee (INR) | Euro (EUR) | Euro (EUR) |
| Population | 1,441,000,000 | 540,000 | 9,100,000 |
| Division of powers | Parliamentary federalism with subjects distributed across Union, State and Concurrent Lists; judicial review is entrenched, and writ jurisdiction under Articles 32 and 226 is broad. | A parliamentary republic with a ceremonial President, a Cabinet led by the Prime Minister answerable to the House of Representatives and an independent judiciary. | Nine Länder hold their own constitutions, parliaments and governments, but the federation retains far more legislative power than in Germany or Switzerland; much Länder activity is administering federal law (mittelbare Bundesverwaltung). Three separate high courts sit at the apex, for constitutional, administrative and ordinary matters respectively. |
| How law is made | Bills pass three readings in each House; money bills originate only in the Lok Sabha. Presidential assent follows, and ordinances may be promulgated between sessions. | Bills are passed by the House of Representatives and assented to by the President before publication in the Government Gazette. | Bills originate with the government, members of the Nationalrat, the Bundesrat or a popular initiative, and pass three readings in the Nationalrat. The Bundesrat may object but can normally be overridden. The Federal President authenticates the law, the Chancellor countersigns, and it is published in the Bundesgesetzblatt. |
| Legal profession | A single fused profession of advocates enrolled with State Bar Councils under the Advocates Act 1961, subject to the All India Bar Examination. | Advocates are admitted to the bar after a law degree and warrant; legal procurators and notaries handle procedural filing and authentication of deeds. | A Rechtsanwalt qualifies through a law degree, five years of practical training including at least three in a law firm and some months at court, and the bar examination. Admission is via the regional bar chambers under the umbrella of the Österreichischer Rechtsanwaltskammertag. Notaries are a separate profession with appointments limited in number. |
A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.