Comparison
Read two legal systems against each other
Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.
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| Attribute | IranReviewed | ChadIndexed |
|---|---|---|
| Legal family | Islamic law with civil law codification | Mixed (French civil law, customary and Islamic law) |
| System of government | Islamic republic | Unitary presidential republic |
| Constitution | Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Constitution of the Republic of Chad |
| In force since | 1979 | 2023 |
| Capital | Tehran | N'Djamena |
| Official languages | Persian | French, Arabic |
| Currency | Rial (IRR) | Central African CFA franc (XAF) |
| Population | 89,000,000 | 18,300,000 |
| Division of powers | Unitary, with 31 provinces headed by governors-general appointed by the Interior Ministry, alongside elected city and village councils created by the Constitution and operating since 1999 with limited competences. | Presidential system with a Prime Minister, a bicameral Parliament of National Assembly and Senate under the 2023 text, and a judiciary headed by the Supreme Court. |
| How law is made | A bill is introduced by the Government or by at least fifteen deputies, passes the Majlis, and goes to the Guardian Council, which has ten days, extendable, to find it consistent with Islam and the Constitution. If the Council objects, the bill returns for amendment; persistent disagreement goes to the Expediency Discernment Council, whose decision is final. Only then does the President sign and publish. | Bills are examined in committee and plenary and passed by the legislature, then promulgated by the President. The Constitutional Council may be seised before promulgation. |
| Legal profession | Two parallel routes to practice, which is unusual and consequential: attorneys licensed by the Iranian Bar Association (Kanoon-e Vokala), a self-governing body dating to 1953, and attorneys licensed under Article 187 of the Third Development Plan directly by the judiciary. The two groups have contested each other's standing for two decades. Notaries operate licensed offices under the registration organisation, and their authentication is required for property transfers, marriage contracts and powers of attorney. | Avocats admitted through the Ordre des avocats du Tchad; the profession is concentrated in N'Djamena. |
A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.