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Comparison of selected legal systems
Attribute	LibyaIndexed	ChadIndexed	KazakhstanReviewed
Legal family	Civil law with Islamic law as a source	Mixed (French civil law, customary and Islamic law)	Civil law
System of government	Provisional government with contested authority	Unitary presidential republic	Presidential republic
Constitution	Constitutional Declaration (interim)	Constitution of the Republic of Chad	Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan
In force since	2011	2023	1995
Capital	Tripoli	N'Djamena	Astana
Official languages	Arabic	French, Arabic	Kazakh, Russian
Currency	Libyan dinar (LYD)	Central African CFA franc (XAF)	Kazakhstani tenge (KZT)
Population	6,900,000	18,300,000	20,000,000
Division of powers	Nominally unitary with governorates and municipalities. In practice authority is divided between competing administrations and local armed actors, and municipal councils have in many places become the most functional layer of government.	Presidential system with a Prime Minister, a bicameral Parliament of National Assembly and Senate under the 2023 text, and a judiciary headed by the Supreme Court.	Unitary. Seventeen regions (oblasts) and three cities of republican significance — Astana, Almaty and Shymkent — each headed by an akim appointed by the President. Local representative assemblies (maslikhats) have limited competence. Overlaid on this is the Astana International Financial Centre, a territorially delimited zone with its own court, arbitration centre, regulator and body of law that operates outside the national legal order.
How law is made	There is no single functioning legislative process. The House of Representatives passes laws that the High Council of State contests, and the rival administrations issue decrees within their areas of control. Whether a given instrument is law therefore depends on which authority is recognised, which is exactly why this profile is marked as requiring research rather than described as settled.	Bills are examined in committee and plenary and passed by the legislature, then promulgated by the President. The Constitutional Council may be seised before promulgation.	Bills are introduced in the Mazhilis by deputies or the Government, and must pass the Mazhilis before going to the Senate. If the Senate rejects a bill it returns to the Mazhilis, and a joint commission may be convened. The President may veto, and an override requires two-thirds of each chamber. The President may also declare a bill urgent, requiring consideration within a month, and may issue decrees with the force of law where Parliament has delegated that power. Laws enter force ten days after official publication unless otherwise stated.
Legal profession	Advocates are admitted through the Libyan Bar Association, and the profession has continued to function, including in human-rights litigation, despite serious risks to practitioners. Judicial appointments run through the Supreme Judicial Council. Reliable current information on admission requirements and numbers is limited, which is reflected in the verification status of this entry.	Avocats admitted through the Ordre des avocats du Tchad; the profession is concentrated in N'Djamena.	Advocates are licensed under the Law on Advocacy and Legal Assistance 2018, which introduced mandatory membership of regional bar collegia coordinated by the Republican Bar Association, and separated advocates from other legal-services providers who must register separately. Entry requires a law degree, an internship and a qualifying examination. Notaries are a distinct licensed profession whose involvement is compulsory for many real-estate and corporate transactions. Practitioners in the AIFC Court are registered separately and may be foreign-qualified.

A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.