Comparison
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Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.
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| Attribute | LibyaIndexed | ChadIndexed | NigerIndexed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Legal family | Civil law with Islamic law as a source | Mixed (French civil law, customary and Islamic law) | Civil law (French tradition) |
| System of government | Provisional government with contested authority | Unitary presidential republic | Republic under military-led government |
| Constitution | Constitutional Declaration (interim) | Constitution of the Republic of Chad | Constitution of the Seventh Republic (suspended) |
| In force since | 2011 | 2023 | 2010 |
| Capital | Tripoli | N'Djamena | Niamey |
| Official languages | Arabic | French, Arabic | French, Hausa, Zarma |
| Currency | Libyan dinar (LYD) | Central African CFA franc (XAF) | West African CFA franc (XOF) |
| Population | 6,900,000 | 18,300,000 | 26,200,000 |
| Division of powers | Nominally unitary with governorates and municipalities. In practice authority is divided between competing administrations and local armed actors, and municipal councils have in many places become the most functional layer of government. | Presidential system with a Prime Minister, a bicameral Parliament of National Assembly and Senate under the 2023 text, and a judiciary headed by the Supreme Court. | Under the suspended constitution, a semi-presidential system with a President, Prime Minister and National Assembly. Currently executive and legislative authority is concentrated in the CNSP and an appointed government. |
| How law is made | There is no single functioning legislative process. The House of Representatives passes laws that the High Council of State contests, and the rival administrations issue decrees within their areas of control. Whether a given instrument is law therefore depends on which authority is recognised, which is exactly why this profile is marked as requiring research rather than described as settled. | Bills are examined in committee and plenary and passed by the legislature, then promulgated by the President. The Constitutional Council may be seised before promulgation. | Legislation is currently made by order of the governing authority and published in the Journal Officiel. The suspended constitution provided for ordinary parliamentary passage and presidential promulgation. |
| Legal profession | Advocates are admitted through the Libyan Bar Association, and the profession has continued to function, including in human-rights litigation, despite serious risks to practitioners. Judicial appointments run through the Supreme Judicial Council. Reliable current information on admission requirements and numbers is limited, which is reflected in the verification status of this entry. | Avocats admitted through the Ordre des avocats du Tchad; the profession is concentrated in N'Djamena. | Avocats admitted through the Barreau du Niger after a law degree and traineeship; notaires and huissiers are separate offices. |
A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.