Comparison

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Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.

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Comparison of selected legal systems
Attribute	LibyaIndexed	MaltaReviewed	EswatiniReviewed
Legal family	Civil law with Islamic law as a source	Mixed (civil and common law)	Mixed Roman-Dutch, English common law and Swazi customary law
System of government	Provisional government with contested authority	Unitary parliamentary republic	Absolute monarchy
Constitution	Constitutional Declaration (interim)	Constitution of Malta	Constitution of the Kingdom of Eswatini
In force since	2011	1964	2005
Capital	Tripoli	Valletta	Mbabane
Official languages	Arabic	Maltese, English	siSwati, English
Currency	Libyan dinar (LYD)	Euro (EUR)	Swazi lilangeni (SZL)
Population	6,900,000	540,000	1,200,000
Division of powers	Nominally unitary with governorates and municipalities. In practice authority is divided between competing administrations and local armed actors, and municipal councils have in many places become the most functional layer of government.	A parliamentary republic with a ceremonial President, a Cabinet led by the Prime Minister answerable to the House of Representatives and an independent judiciary.	Unitary with four regions and 55 tinkhundla constituencies that combine electoral and administrative functions. Chiefs administer Swazi Nation Land under the King as trustee.
How law is made	There is no single functioning legislative process. The House of Representatives passes laws that the High Council of State contests, and the rival administrations issue decrees within their areas of control. Whether a given instrument is law therefore depends on which authority is recognised, which is exactly why this profile is marked as requiring research rather than described as settled.	Bills are passed by the House of Representatives and assented to by the President before publication in the Government Gazette.	Bills pass the House of Assembly and Senate and require royal assent, which the King may withhold. The King may also legislate by decree in defined circumstances, and bills touching Swazi law and custom are referred to traditional structures. Constitutional amendment requires a two-thirds majority of both chambers sitting jointly, and for entrenched provisions a referendum.
Legal profession	Advocates are admitted through the Libyan Bar Association, and the profession has continued to function, including in human-rights litigation, despite serious risks to practitioners. Judicial appointments run through the Supreme Judicial Council. Reliable current information on admission requirements and numbers is limited, which is reflected in the verification status of this entry.	Advocates are admitted to the bar after a law degree and warrant; legal procurators and notaries handle procedural filing and authentication of deeds.	A fused profession of attorneys admitted by the High Court after a law degree and articles, regulated by the Law Society of Eswatini; advocates may be admitted separately for higher-court work.

A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.