Comparison
Read two legal systems against each other
Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.
Select up to six documented jurisdictions
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| Attribute | LuxembourgReviewed | AustraliaReviewed |
|---|---|---|
| Legal family | Civil law | Common law |
| System of government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
| Constitution | Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg | Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act |
| In force since | 1868 | 1901 |
| Capital | Luxembourg City | Canberra |
| Official languages | Luxembourgish, French, German | English |
| Currency | Euro (EUR) | Australian Dollar (AUD) |
| Population | 670,000 | 26,800,000 |
| Division of powers | A unitary state with communes as the only subordinate tier. Like France and Belgium it maintains a dual judicial structure: ordinary courts under the Cour de cassation and a separate administrative order under the Cour administrative, with the Constitutional Court resolving conflicts between them. | Chapter III strictly separates federal judicial power; the High Court polices the boundary and may invalidate legislation for exceeding it. |
| How law is made | Because parliament is unicameral, a compensating safeguard applies: the Conseil d’État gives a formal opinion on every bill, and the Chamber must either hold a second vote at least three months after the first or be dispensed from it by the Chamber and the Conseil d’État acting together. The Grand Duke then promulgates the law and it is published in the Journal officiel via Legilux. | Bills pass both chambers and receive Royal Assent. A persistent deadlock can trigger a double dissolution and, ultimately, a joint sitting. |
| Legal profession | Avocats are admitted to the Bar of Luxembourg or of Diekirch after a law degree, the complementary course in Luxembourg law and a two-year traineeship, and are listed on List I or List II depending on the right to appear. Working knowledge of French, German and Luxembourgish is required for admission. Notaries form a separate numerus clausus profession. | Admission is state-based but nationally recognised; practitioners may be admitted as barristers and solicitors, with an independent bar in most states. |
A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.