Comparison
Read two legal systems against each other
Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.
Select up to six documented jurisdictions
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| Attribute | MadagascarReviewed | PeruReviewed | NigerIndexed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Legal family | French civil law with customary law | Civil law | Civil law (French tradition) |
| System of government | Semi-presidential republic | Unitary semi-presidential republic | Republic under military-led government |
| Constitution | Constitution of the Fourth Republic | Political Constitution of Peru | Constitution of the Seventh Republic (suspended) |
| In force since | 2010 | 1993 | 2010 |
| Capital | Antananarivo | Lima | Niamey |
| Official languages | Malagasy, French | Spanish, Quechua, Aymara | French, Hausa, Zarma |
| Currency | Malagasy ariary (MGA) | Peruvian sol (PEN) | West African CFA franc (XOF) |
| Population | 30,300,000 | 34,000,000 | 26,200,000 |
| Division of powers | Unitary with a decentralised structure of 23 regions and communes. Successive constitutions have promised fuller decentralisation, including provincial autonomy, which has not been implemented. | Unitary and decentralised, with twenty-five regional governments and the Lima Metropolitan Municipality holding elected councils and administrative competence. Peasant and native communities exercise jurisdiction within their territory under Article 149 in coordination with the justices of the peace. | Under the suspended constitution, a semi-presidential system with a President, Prime Minister and National Assembly. Currently executive and legislative authority is concentrated in the CNSP and an appointed government. |
| How law is made | Bills originate with the government or members of either chamber, are examined in committee, and must pass both the National Assembly and the Senate; the Assembly prevails on disagreement. The Haute Cour Constitutionnelle may review a law before promulgation, and organic laws must be referred to it as a matter of course. | Bills come from Congress, the executive, regional governments or citizens. A single chamber debates in committee and plenary; a second vote is required unless exempted. The President may observe a bill, and Congress insists by absolute majority. Constitutional amendment needs an absolute majority in two successive ordinary legislatures, or a two-thirds vote plus referendum. | Legislation is currently made by order of the governing authority and published in the Journal Officiel. The suspended constitution provided for ordinary parliamentary passage and presidential promulgation. |
| Legal profession | Avocats admitted to the Ordre des avocats de Madagascar after a law degree and professional training, alongside notaires for authenticated instruments and huissiers for service and enforcement — the standard French division of functions. | A law degree followed by a bachiller and tÃtulo de abogado, then compulsory registration with one of the departmental colegios de abogados, which hold disciplinary power. Registration in one college permits practice nationwide. Notaries are a separate profession appointed by competitive examination. | Avocats admitted through the Barreau du Niger after a law degree and traineeship; notaires and huissiers are separate offices. |
A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.