Comparison
Read two legal systems against each other
Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.
Select up to six documented jurisdictions
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| Attribute | ParaguayReviewed | ChadIndexed | DR CongoReviewed | MadagascarReviewed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Legal family | Civil law | Mixed (French civil law, customary and Islamic law) | Civil law (Belgian tradition) | French civil law with customary law |
| System of government | Unitary presidential republic | Unitary presidential republic | Unitary semi-presidential republic | Semi-presidential republic |
| Constitution | Constitution of the Republic of Paraguay | Constitution of the Republic of Chad | Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo | Constitution of the Fourth Republic |
| In force since | 1992 | 2023 | 2006 | 2010 |
| Capital | Asunción | N'Djamena | Kinshasa | Antananarivo |
| Official languages | Spanish, Guaraní | French, Arabic | French, Lingala, Swahili, Kikongo, Tshiluba | Malagasy, French |
| Currency | Paraguayan guaraní (PYG) | Central African CFA franc (XAF) | Congolese Franc (CDF) | Malagasy ariary (MGA) |
| Population | 6,900,000 | 18,300,000 | 102,300,000 | 30,300,000 |
| Division of powers | Unitary with seventeen departments and the capital district, each with an elected governor and departmental board holding administrative and limited fiscal competence. Legislative power is national. | Presidential system with a Prime Minister, a bicameral Parliament of National Assembly and Senate under the 2023 text, and a judiciary headed by the Supreme Court. | Semi-presidential: a directly elected President, a Prime Minister from the parliamentary majority, and a bicameral Parliament. The 2006 constitution split the former Supreme Court into three separate apex courts. | Unitary with a decentralised structure of 23 regions and communes. Successive constitutions have promised fuller decentralisation, including provincial autonomy, which has not been implemented. |
| How law is made | Bills may start in either chamber and must pass both. The President may object in whole or part; Congress overcomes an objection by absolute majority in both chambers. Constitutional amendment requires a two-thirds vote of each chamber and ratification by referendum; wholesale reform requires a constituent assembly. | Bills are examined in committee and plenary and passed by the legislature, then promulgated by the President. The Constitutional Council may be seised before promulgation. | Bills pass both chambers; persistent disagreement is resolved by a joint commission or a final National Assembly vote. The President promulgates within the constitutional period, and the Constitutional Court may be seised beforehand. | Bills originate with the government or members of either chamber, are examined in committee, and must pass both the National Assembly and the Senate; the Assembly prevails on disagreement. The Haute Cour Constitutionnelle may review a law before promulgation, and organic laws must be referred to it as a matter of course. |
| Legal profession | A law degree and registration of the title with the Supreme Court, which maintains the roll and exercises discipline. Bar membership is voluntary. Because both Spanish and Guaraní are official, courts must provide interpretation, and practitioners outside Asunción are commonly bilingual. | Avocats admitted through the Ordre des avocats du Tchad; the profession is concentrated in N'Djamena. | Avocats admitted to provincial bars under the national Ordre des avocats after a law degree and traineeship; défenseurs judiciaires assist in lower courts. | Avocats admitted to the Ordre des avocats de Madagascar after a law degree and professional training, alongside notaires for authenticated instruments and huissiers for service and enforcement — the standard French division of functions. |
A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.