Comparison
Read two legal systems against each other
Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.
Select up to six documented jurisdictions
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| Attribute | ParaguayReviewed | ChadIndexed | DR CongoReviewed | PeruReviewed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Legal family | Civil law | Mixed (French civil law, customary and Islamic law) | Civil law (Belgian tradition) | Civil law |
| System of government | Unitary presidential republic | Unitary presidential republic | Unitary semi-presidential republic | Unitary semi-presidential republic |
| Constitution | Constitution of the Republic of Paraguay | Constitution of the Republic of Chad | Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo | Political Constitution of Peru |
| In force since | 1992 | 2023 | 2006 | 1993 |
| Capital | Asunción | N'Djamena | Kinshasa | Lima |
| Official languages | Spanish, Guaraní | French, Arabic | French, Lingala, Swahili, Kikongo, Tshiluba | Spanish, Quechua, Aymara |
| Currency | Paraguayan guaraní (PYG) | Central African CFA franc (XAF) | Congolese Franc (CDF) | Peruvian sol (PEN) |
| Population | 6,900,000 | 18,300,000 | 102,300,000 | 34,000,000 |
| Division of powers | Unitary with seventeen departments and the capital district, each with an elected governor and departmental board holding administrative and limited fiscal competence. Legislative power is national. | Presidential system with a Prime Minister, a bicameral Parliament of National Assembly and Senate under the 2023 text, and a judiciary headed by the Supreme Court. | Semi-presidential: a directly elected President, a Prime Minister from the parliamentary majority, and a bicameral Parliament. The 2006 constitution split the former Supreme Court into three separate apex courts. | Unitary and decentralised, with twenty-five regional governments and the Lima Metropolitan Municipality holding elected councils and administrative competence. Peasant and native communities exercise jurisdiction within their territory under Article 149 in coordination with the justices of the peace. |
| How law is made | Bills may start in either chamber and must pass both. The President may object in whole or part; Congress overcomes an objection by absolute majority in both chambers. Constitutional amendment requires a two-thirds vote of each chamber and ratification by referendum; wholesale reform requires a constituent assembly. | Bills are examined in committee and plenary and passed by the legislature, then promulgated by the President. The Constitutional Council may be seised before promulgation. | Bills pass both chambers; persistent disagreement is resolved by a joint commission or a final National Assembly vote. The President promulgates within the constitutional period, and the Constitutional Court may be seised beforehand. | Bills come from Congress, the executive, regional governments or citizens. A single chamber debates in committee and plenary; a second vote is required unless exempted. The President may observe a bill, and Congress insists by absolute majority. Constitutional amendment needs an absolute majority in two successive ordinary legislatures, or a two-thirds vote plus referendum. |
| Legal profession | A law degree and registration of the title with the Supreme Court, which maintains the roll and exercises discipline. Bar membership is voluntary. Because both Spanish and Guaraní are official, courts must provide interpretation, and practitioners outside Asunción are commonly bilingual. | Avocats admitted through the Ordre des avocats du Tchad; the profession is concentrated in N'Djamena. | Avocats admitted to provincial bars under the national Ordre des avocats after a law degree and traineeship; défenseurs judiciaires assist in lower courts. | A law degree followed by a bachiller and título de abogado, then compulsory registration with one of the departmental colegios de abogados, which hold disciplinary power. Registration in one college permits practice nationwide. Notaries are a separate profession appointed by competitive examination. |
A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.