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Comparison of selected legal systems
AttributeParaguayReviewedLibyaIndexedIndiaReviewedMadagascarReviewedDenmarkReviewed
Legal familyCivil lawCivil law with Islamic law as a sourceCommon law with personal-law pluralismFrench civil law with customary lawCivil law (Nordic)
System of governmentUnitary presidential republicProvisional government with contested authorityFederal parliamentary republicSemi-presidential republicConstitutional monarchy
ConstitutionConstitution of the Republic of ParaguayConstitutional Declaration (interim)Constitution of IndiaConstitution of the Fourth RepublicConstitutional Act of Denmark (Grundloven)
In force since19922011195020101953
CapitalAsunciรณnTripoliNew DelhiAntananarivoCopenhagen
Official languagesSpanish, GuaranรญArabicHindi, English, +22 scheduled languagesMalagasy, FrenchDanish
CurrencyParaguayan guaranรญ (PYG)Libyan dinar (LYD)Indian Rupee (INR)Malagasy ariary (MGA)Danish krone (DKK)
Population6,900,0006,900,0001,441,000,00030,300,0005,900,000
Division of powersUnitary with seventeen departments and the capital district, each with an elected governor and departmental board holding administrative and limited fiscal competence. Legislative power is national.Nominally unitary with governorates and municipalities. In practice authority is divided between competing administrations and local armed actors, and municipal councils have in many places become the most functional layer of government.Parliamentary federalism with subjects distributed across Union, State and Concurrent Lists; judicial review is entrenched, and writ jurisdiction under Articles 32 and 226 is broad.Unitary with a decentralised structure of 23 regions and communes. Successive constitutions have promised fuller decentralisation, including provincial autonomy, which has not been implemented.Parliamentary government in which the cabinet is drawn from and answerable to the Folketing, with an independent unified judiciary.
How law is madeBills may start in either chamber and must pass both. The President may object in whole or part; Congress overcomes an objection by absolute majority in both chambers. Constitutional amendment requires a two-thirds vote of each chamber and ratification by referendum; wholesale reform requires a constituent assembly.There is no single functioning legislative process. The House of Representatives passes laws that the High Council of State contests, and the rival administrations issue decrees within their areas of control. Whether a given instrument is law therefore depends on which authority is recognised, which is exactly why this profile is marked as requiring research rather than described as settled.Bills pass three readings in each House; money bills originate only in the Lok Sabha. Presidential assent follows, and ordinances may be promulgated between sessions.Bills originate with the government or members of either chamber, are examined in committee, and must pass both the National Assembly and the Senate; the Assembly prevails on disagreement. The Haute Cour Constitutionnelle may review a law before promulgation, and organic laws must be referred to it as a matter of course.Bills pass three readings in the Folketing and receive royal assent. A minority of members can require certain bills to be put to a referendum.
Legal professionA law degree and registration of the title with the Supreme Court, which maintains the roll and exercises discipline. Bar membership is voluntary. Because both Spanish and Guaranรญ are official, courts must provide interpretation, and practitioners outside Asunciรณn are commonly bilingual.Advocates are admitted through the Libyan Bar Association, and the profession has continued to function, including in human-rights litigation, despite serious risks to practitioners. Judicial appointments run through the Supreme Judicial Council. Reliable current information on admission requirements and numbers is limited, which is reflected in the verification status of this entry.A single fused profession of advocates enrolled with State Bar Councils under the Advocates Act 1961, subject to the All India Bar Examination.Avocats admitted to the Ordre des avocats de Madagascar after a law degree and professional training, alongside notaires for authenticated instruments and huissiers for service and enforcement โ€” the standard French division of functions.A single advokat profession admitted after a law degree, practical training and a bar course; judges are appointed from experienced lawyers.

A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full โ€” the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.