Comparison

Read two legal systems against each other

Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.

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Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czechia DR Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See (Vatican City)Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of the Congo Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria São Tomé and Príncipe Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The Bahamas Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

Comparison of selected legal systems
Attribute	ParaguayReviewed	MaltaReviewed	ChadIndexed	JordanReviewed	MoldovaReviewed
Legal family	Civil law	Mixed (civil and common law)	Mixed (French civil law, customary and Islamic law)	Civil law with Islamic law influence	Civil law
System of government	Unitary presidential republic	Unitary parliamentary republic	Unitary presidential republic	Unitary constitutional monarchy	Unitary parliamentary republic
Constitution	Constitution of the Republic of Paraguay	Constitution of Malta	Constitution of the Republic of Chad	Constitution of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan	Constitution of the Republic of Moldova
In force since	1992	1964	2023	1952	1994
Capital	Asunción	Valletta	N'Djamena	Amman	Chișinău
Official languages	Spanish, Guaraní	Maltese, English	French, Arabic	Arabic	Romanian
Currency	Paraguayan guaraní (PYG)	Euro (EUR)	Central African CFA franc (XAF)	Jordanian dinar (JOD)	Moldovan leu (MDL)
Population	6,900,000	540,000	18,300,000	11,300,000	2,400,000
Division of powers	Unitary with seventeen departments and the capital district, each with an elected governor and departmental board holding administrative and limited fiscal competence. Legislative power is national.	A parliamentary republic with a ceremonial President, a Cabinet led by the Prime Minister answerable to the House of Representatives and an independent judiciary.	Presidential system with a Prime Minister, a bicameral Parliament of National Assembly and Senate under the 2023 text, and a judiciary headed by the Supreme Court.	Unitary, with twelve governorates administered by centrally appointed governors and elected municipal and governorate councils. The Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority holds delegated regulatory powers within its area, which functions as a limited territorial carve-out rather than devolution.	Parliamentary, though the President has been directly elected since 2016; the Constitutional Court arbitrates between the two.
How law is made	Bills may start in either chamber and must pass both. The President may object in whole or part; Congress overcomes an objection by absolute majority in both chambers. Constitutional amendment requires a two-thirds vote of each chamber and ratification by referendum; wholesale reform requires a constituent assembly.	Bills are passed by the House of Representatives and assented to by the President before publication in the Government Gazette.	Bills are examined in committee and plenary and passed by the legislature, then promulgated by the President. The Constitutional Council may be seised before promulgation.	Bills go to the House of Representatives first, then the Senate, with disagreements resolved in joint session by a two-thirds majority. The King ratifies, or may return a bill with reasons within six months, which the Assembly may override by two-thirds of each chamber. Provisional laws may be issued when the Assembly is not sitting, but the 2011 amendments narrowed this to urgent matters and require prompt submission to the Assembly.	Bills are adopted by Parliament, usually in two readings, and promulgated by the President, who may return a bill once for reconsideration. Publication in Monitorul Oficial is a condition of entry into force.
Legal profession	A law degree and registration of the title with the Supreme Court, which maintains the roll and exercises discipline. Bar membership is voluntary. Because both Spanish and Guaraní are official, courts must provide interpretation, and practitioners outside Asunción are commonly bilingual.	Advocates are admitted to the bar after a law degree and warrant; legal procurators and notaries handle procedural filing and authentication of deeds.	Avocats admitted through the Ordre des avocats du Tchad; the profession is concentrated in N'Djamena.	A single profession of lawyers admitted by the Jordan Bar Association after a law degree and a two-year traineeship, with compulsory membership and a graded right of audience by seniority. The Bar is self-governing and disciplines its members. Sharia court advocacy is a separate licensed track, and notarial functions are performed by court-based notaries public rather than an independent notariat.	Lawyers are licensed by the Union of Advocates after examination and traineeship; notaries, bailiffs and authorised administrators are separate licensed professions.

A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.