Comparison

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Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.

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Comparison of selected legal systems
Attribute	ParaguayReviewed	MongoliaReviewed	ChadIndexed	BoliviaReviewed
Legal family	Civil law	Civil law	Mixed (French civil law, customary and Islamic law)	Civil law with indigenous jurisdiction
System of government	Unitary presidential republic	Semi-presidential republic	Unitary presidential republic	Unitary presidential republic
Constitution	Constitution of the Republic of Paraguay	Constitution of Mongolia	Constitution of the Republic of Chad	Political Constitution of the Plurinational State of Bolivia
In force since	1992	1992	2023	2009
Capital	Asunción	Ulaanbaatar	N'Djamena	Sucre
Official languages	Spanish, Guaraní	Mongolian	French, Arabic	Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, Guaraní
Currency	Paraguayan guaraní (PYG)	Mongolian tögrög (MNT)	Central African CFA franc (XAF)	Bolivian boliviano (BOB)
Population	6,900,000	3,500,000	18,300,000	12,400,000
Division of powers	Unitary with seventeen departments and the capital district, each with an elected governor and departmental board holding administrative and limited fiscal competence. Legislative power is national.	Unitary. Twenty-one provinces (aimags) plus the capital, subdivided into soums and districts. Local self-governing assemblies (hurals) sit alongside centrally appointed governors, who are nominated locally but confirmed by the Prime Minister — a hybrid that keeps substantial central control over local administration.	Presidential system with a Prime Minister, a bicameral Parliament of National Assembly and Senate under the 2023 text, and a judiciary headed by the Supreme Court.	Unitary with autonomies. Nine departments, municipalities, regions and indigenous territories each have elected assemblies and defined legislative competence under the Framework Law of Autonomies, which makes Bolivia substantially more decentralised than its unitary label suggests.
How law is made	Bills may start in either chamber and must pass both. The President may object in whole or part; Congress overcomes an objection by absolute majority in both chambers. Constitutional amendment requires a two-thirds vote of each chamber and ratification by referendum; wholesale reform requires a constituent assembly.	Bills are introduced by members of the State Great Khural, the President or the Cabinet, considered in standing committee and then in plenary. The President may veto a bill in whole or in part, and the veto is overridden by a two-thirds majority. Laws take effect ten days after publication in the State Information Bulletin unless the statute provides otherwise. The Law on Legislation requires regulatory impact assessment and public consultation for draft laws.	Bills are examined in committee and plenary and passed by the legislature, then promulgated by the President. The Constitutional Council may be seised before promulgation.	Bills reach the Assembly from members, the executive, citizens or indigenous nations, and must pass both chambers. The President may observe a bill, and the Assembly insists by two-thirds. Total constitutional reform requires a constituent assembly activated by referendum; partial reform needs a two-thirds Assembly vote confirmed by referendum.
Legal profession	A law degree and registration of the title with the Supreme Court, which maintains the roll and exercises discipline. Bar membership is voluntary. Because both Spanish and Guaraní are official, courts must provide interpretation, and practitioners outside Asunción are commonly bilingual.	Advocates are licensed under the Law on the Legal Status of Lawyers 2012, which separated the profession into advocates, prosecutors and notaries and created the Mongolian Bar Association as a self-governing body with mandatory membership. Entry requires a law degree, a qualifying examination and a period of supervised practice. Notaries hold a distinct licence and their involvement is mandatory for many property and corporate transactions, a survival of the Soviet-era formality requirements.	Avocats admitted through the Ordre des avocats du Tchad; the profession is concentrated in N'Djamena.	A law degree plus a national registration with the Ministry of Justice and membership of a departmental colegio de abogados. Practitioners in indigenous jurisdiction are not lawyers: those proceedings are conducted by the community's own authorities under its own norms, and a state lawyer has no right of audience there.

A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.