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Comparison of selected legal systems
AttributeParaguayReviewedMongoliaReviewedGrenadaReviewedComorosReviewedNigerIndexed
Legal familyCivil lawCivil lawCommon lawMixed French civil law and Islamic lawCivil law (French tradition)
System of governmentUnitary presidential republicSemi-presidential republicConstitutional monarchyFederal presidential republicRepublic under military-led government
ConstitutionConstitution of the Republic of ParaguayConstitution of MongoliaThe Grenada ConstitutionConstitution of the Union of the ComorosConstitution of the Seventh Republic (suspended)
In force since19921992197320012010
CapitalAsunciรณnUlaanbaatarSaint George'sMoroniNiamey
Official languagesSpanish, GuaranรญMongolianEnglishComorian, Arabic, FrenchFrench, Hausa, Zarma
CurrencyParaguayan guaranรญ (PYG)Mongolian tรถgrรถg (MNT)East Caribbean dollar (XCD)Comorian franc (KMF)West African CFA franc (XOF)
Population6,900,0003,500,000126,000850,00026,200,000
Division of powersUnitary with seventeen departments and the capital district, each with an elected governor and departmental board holding administrative and limited fiscal competence. Legislative power is national.Unitary. Twenty-one provinces (aimags) plus the capital, subdivided into soums and districts. Local self-governing assemblies (hurals) sit alongside centrally appointed governors, who are nominated locally but confirmed by the Prime Minister โ€” a hybrid that keeps substantial central control over local administration.Unitary. The state comprises Grenada, Carriacou and Petite Martinique; Carriacou and Petite Martinique have a Ministry and local administration but no separate legislature.Federal. Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohรฉli each have a governor and their own assembly with substantial autonomy over local administration, while the Union handles defence, currency, foreign affairs and nationality.Under the suspended constitution, a semi-presidential system with a President, Prime Minister and National Assembly. Currently executive and legislative authority is concentrated in the CNSP and an appointed government.
How law is madeBills may start in either chamber and must pass both. The President may object in whole or part; Congress overcomes an objection by absolute majority in both chambers. Constitutional amendment requires a two-thirds vote of each chamber and ratification by referendum; wholesale reform requires a constituent assembly.Bills are introduced by members of the State Great Khural, the President or the Cabinet, considered in standing committee and then in plenary. The President may veto a bill in whole or in part, and the veto is overridden by a two-thirds majority. Laws take effect ten days after publication in the State Information Bulletin unless the statute provides otherwise. The Law on Legislation requires regulatory impact assessment and public consultation for draft laws.Bills pass three readings in both Houses and receive the Governor-General's assent. Constitutional amendments to entrenched provisions need a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives and then approval by a referendum, a double lock that has defeated every reform package put to voters.Bills originate with the government or members of the Assembly of the Union, are examined in committee and passed by the Assembly, then promulgated by the President. Matters within island competence are legislated by the island assemblies, and disputes over the boundary between Union and island competence are a standing feature of Comorian constitutional practice.Legislation is currently made by order of the governing authority and published in the Journal Officiel. The suspended constitution provided for ordinary parliamentary passage and presidential promulgation.
Legal professionA law degree and registration of the title with the Supreme Court, which maintains the roll and exercises discipline. Bar membership is voluntary. Because both Spanish and Guaranรญ are official, courts must provide interpretation, and practitioners outside Asunciรณn are commonly bilingual.Advocates are licensed under the Law on the Legal Status of Lawyers 2012, which separated the profession into advocates, prosecutors and notaries and created the Mongolian Bar Association as a self-governing body with mandatory membership. Entry requires a law degree, a qualifying examination and a period of supervised practice. Notaries hold a distinct licence and their involvement is mandatory for many property and corporate transactions, a survival of the Soviet-era formality requirements.A fused profession of legal practitioners admitted by the High Court under the Legal Profession Act, after a law degree and the Legal Education Certificate. The Grenada Bar Association represents practitioners.A small bar of avocats admitted after French-model legal training, supplemented by qadis who require religious-law qualification for the personal-status jurisdiction; many practitioners train in France or Madagascar.Avocats admitted through the Barreau du Niger after a law degree and traineeship; notaires and huissiers are separate offices.

A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full โ€” the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.