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Comparison of selected legal systems
AttributeParaguayReviewedMoroccoReviewedBelizeReviewedSudanIndexed
Legal familyCivil lawCivil law with Islamic law in personal statusCommon lawMixed Islamic and common law
System of governmentUnitary presidential republicConstitutional monarchyParliamentary constitutional monarchyMilitary government following the 2021 coup and 2023 war
ConstitutionConstitution of the Republic of ParaguayConstitution of the Kingdom of MoroccoBelize ConstitutionDraft Constitutional Charter for the Transitional Period
In force since1992201119812019
CapitalAsunciรณnRabatBelmopanKhartoum
Official languagesSpanish, GuaranรญArabic, TamazightEnglish, Spanish, Belize Kriol, Q'eqchi', MopanArabic, English
CurrencyParaguayan guaranรญ (PYG)Moroccan dirham (MAD)Belize dollar (BZD)Sudanese pound (SDG)
Population6,900,00037,500,000410,00048,100,000
Division of powersUnitary with seventeen departments and the capital district, each with an elected governor and departmental board holding administrative and limited fiscal competence. Legislative power is national.Unitary but substantially regionalised since 2015, with twelve regions holding directly elected councils and their own budgets under the advanced regionalisation programme. Regions have executive competences in development planning and transport; they do not legislate.Unitary, with six districts and elected town and village councils. Maya communal land rights in Toledo are recognised through the courts rather than by statute, and implementation is supervised by the CCJ.Formally federal, with states headed by governors. The Juba Peace Agreement of 2020 contemplated regional arrangements for Darfur and the Two Areas. Effective authority is currently divided between the belligerents and varies by locality.
How law is madeBills may start in either chamber and must pass both. The President may object in whole or part; Congress overcomes an objection by absolute majority in both chambers. Constitutional amendment requires a two-thirds vote of each chamber and ratification by referendum; wholesale reform requires a constituent assembly.Bills may be introduced by the head of government or by members of either chamber. They pass through committee and plenary in both houses, with the House of Representatives having the final word where the chambers disagree. Organic laws must be referred to the Constitutional Court before promulgation. The King promulgates statutes by dahir within thirty days, and may ask parliament to reconsider a bill or submit it to referendum.A bill passes three readings in the House of Representatives, then the Senate, and receives the Governor-General's assent. Money bills originate in the House. Constitutional amendments need a two-thirds majority of all House members, and certain entrenched provisions require three-quarters.The Charter assigned legislation to a joint sitting of the Sovereignty Council and the cabinet pending the formation of a legislative council, which never fully happened. Since 2021 instruments have been issued by decree. There is no verifiable ordinary legislative process at present, which is why this profile is marked as requiring research.
Legal professionA law degree and registration of the title with the Supreme Court, which maintains the roll and exercises discipline. Bar membership is voluntary. Because both Spanish and Guaranรญ are official, courts must provide interpretation, and practitioners outside Asunciรณn are commonly bilingual.Avocats are admitted to one of the regional bars and organised nationally through the Association des Barreaux du Maroc; practice before the Court of Cassation requires additional seniority. Notaries and adouls coexist โ€” the notaire handles conveyancing and company documents in the French tradition, while the adoul draws up marriage and inheritance instruments under Islamic law. Judges are career appointments trained at the Institut Supรฉrieur de la Magistrature.A fused profession of attorneys-at-law admitted by the High Court under the Legal Profession Act, with the Bar Association of Belize exercising disciplinary functions. Commonwealth qualifications are recognised on application, which keeps a small bar workable.Advocates are admitted through the Sudanese Bar Association, and the profession โ€” particularly the Sudanese Professionals Association and the emergency lawyers' groups โ€” was central to the 2019 protest movement and to documenting subsequent abuses. Judges are career appointments through the Judicial Service Commission. Current admission practice and numbers cannot be reliably confirmed.

A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full โ€” the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.