Comparison
Read two legal systems against each other
Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.
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| Attribute | PeruReviewed | LibyaIndexed | NigerIndexed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Legal family | Civil law | Civil law with Islamic law as a source | Civil law (French tradition) |
| System of government | Unitary semi-presidential republic | Provisional government with contested authority | Republic under military-led government |
| Constitution | Political Constitution of Peru | Constitutional Declaration (interim) | Constitution of the Seventh Republic (suspended) |
| In force since | 1993 | 2011 | 2010 |
| Capital | Lima | Tripoli | Niamey |
| Official languages | Spanish, Quechua, Aymara | Arabic | French, Hausa, Zarma |
| Currency | Peruvian sol (PEN) | Libyan dinar (LYD) | West African CFA franc (XOF) |
| Population | 34,000,000 | 6,900,000 | 26,200,000 |
| Division of powers | Unitary and decentralised, with twenty-five regional governments and the Lima Metropolitan Municipality holding elected councils and administrative competence. Peasant and native communities exercise jurisdiction within their territory under Article 149 in coordination with the justices of the peace. | Nominally unitary with governorates and municipalities. In practice authority is divided between competing administrations and local armed actors, and municipal councils have in many places become the most functional layer of government. | Under the suspended constitution, a semi-presidential system with a President, Prime Minister and National Assembly. Currently executive and legislative authority is concentrated in the CNSP and an appointed government. |
| How law is made | Bills come from Congress, the executive, regional governments or citizens. A single chamber debates in committee and plenary; a second vote is required unless exempted. The President may observe a bill, and Congress insists by absolute majority. Constitutional amendment needs an absolute majority in two successive ordinary legislatures, or a two-thirds vote plus referendum. | There is no single functioning legislative process. The House of Representatives passes laws that the High Council of State contests, and the rival administrations issue decrees within their areas of control. Whether a given instrument is law therefore depends on which authority is recognised, which is exactly why this profile is marked as requiring research rather than described as settled. | Legislation is currently made by order of the governing authority and published in the Journal Officiel. The suspended constitution provided for ordinary parliamentary passage and presidential promulgation. |
| Legal profession | A law degree followed by a bachiller and tÃtulo de abogado, then compulsory registration with one of the departmental colegios de abogados, which hold disciplinary power. Registration in one college permits practice nationwide. Notaries are a separate profession appointed by competitive examination. | Advocates are admitted through the Libyan Bar Association, and the profession has continued to function, including in human-rights litigation, despite serious risks to practitioners. Judicial appointments run through the Supreme Judicial Council. Reliable current information on admission requirements and numbers is limited, which is reflected in the verification status of this entry. | Avocats admitted through the Barreau du Niger after a law degree and traineeship; notaires and huissiers are separate offices. |
A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.