Comparison
Read two legal systems against each other
Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.
Select up to six documented jurisdictions
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| Attribute | RomaniaReviewed | SpainReviewed | AustraliaReviewed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Legal family | Civil law | Civil law | Common law |
| System of government | Unitary semi-presidential republic | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
| Constitution | Constitution of Romania | Spanish Constitution | Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act |
| In force since | 1991 | 1978 | 1901 |
| Capital | Bucharest | Madrid | Canberra |
| Official languages | Romanian | Spanish | English |
| Currency | Romanian leu (RON) | Euro (EUR) | Australian Dollar (AUD) |
| Population | 19,000,000 | 48,400,000 | 26,800,000 |
| Division of powers | Semi-presidential: a directly elected President shares executive power with a Government answerable to Parliament, and constitutional conflicts between them are themselves justiciable before the Constitutional Court. | A constitutional monarchy with the King as head of state, an executive led by the President of the Government, a bicameral parliament and an independent judiciary, overlaid by extensive regional self-government. | Chapter III strictly separates federal judicial power; the High Court polices the boundary and may invalidate legislation for exceeding it. |
| How law is made | A bill goes to a first-notified chamber and then to the decisional chamber, whose vote is final. The President may return it once for reconsideration or refer it to the Constitutional Court before promulgation and publication in Monitorul Oficial. | Bills pass both chambers of the Cortes Generales, with the Congress of Deputies able to override the Senate, and receive royal assent. | Bills pass both chambers and receive Royal Assent. A persistent deadlock can trigger a double dissolution and, ultimately, a joint sitting. |
| Legal profession | Lawyers (avocați) are admitted through local bars affiliated to the UNBR after examination and a two-year traineeship; notaries and judicial enforcement officers are separate professions. | Abogados belong to local bar associations (colegios de abogados); procuradores represent parties procedurally and notaries authenticate deeds and company acts. | Admission is state-based but nationally recognised; practitioners may be admitted as barristers and solicitors, with an independent bar in most states. |
A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.