Comparison
Read two legal systems against each other
Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.
Select up to six documented jurisdictions
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| Attribute | SpainReviewed | RomaniaReviewed | IndiaReviewed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Legal family | Civil law | Civil law | Common law with personal-law pluralism |
| System of government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary semi-presidential republic | Federal parliamentary republic |
| Constitution | Spanish Constitution | Constitution of Romania | Constitution of India |
| In force since | 1978 | 1991 | 1950 |
| Capital | Madrid | Bucharest | New Delhi |
| Official languages | Spanish | Romanian | Hindi, English, +22 scheduled languages |
| Currency | Euro (EUR) | Romanian leu (RON) | Indian Rupee (INR) |
| Population | 48,400,000 | 19,000,000 | 1,441,000,000 |
| Division of powers | A constitutional monarchy with the King as head of state, an executive led by the President of the Government, a bicameral parliament and an independent judiciary, overlaid by extensive regional self-government. | Semi-presidential: a directly elected President shares executive power with a Government answerable to Parliament, and constitutional conflicts between them are themselves justiciable before the Constitutional Court. | Parliamentary federalism with subjects distributed across Union, State and Concurrent Lists; judicial review is entrenched, and writ jurisdiction under Articles 32 and 226 is broad. |
| How law is made | Bills pass both chambers of the Cortes Generales, with the Congress of Deputies able to override the Senate, and receive royal assent. | A bill goes to a first-notified chamber and then to the decisional chamber, whose vote is final. The President may return it once for reconsideration or refer it to the Constitutional Court before promulgation and publication in Monitorul Oficial. | Bills pass three readings in each House; money bills originate only in the Lok Sabha. Presidential assent follows, and ordinances may be promulgated between sessions. |
| Legal profession | Abogados belong to local bar associations (colegios de abogados); procuradores represent parties procedurally and notaries authenticate deeds and company acts. | Lawyers (avocați) are admitted through local bars affiliated to the UNBR after examination and a two-year traineeship; notaries and judicial enforcement officers are separate professions. | A single fused profession of advocates enrolled with State Bar Councils under the Advocates Act 1961, subject to the All India Bar Examination. |
A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.