Comparison

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Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.

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Comparison of selected legal systems
Attribute	TurkeyReviewed	MalawiReviewed	ChadIndexed
Legal family	Civil law	English common law with customary law	Mixed (French civil law, customary and Islamic law)
System of government	Unitary presidential republic	Presidential republic	Unitary presidential republic
Constitution	Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye	Constitution of the Republic of Malawi	Constitution of the Republic of Chad
In force since	1982	1994	2023
Capital	Ankara	Lilongwe	N'Djamena
Official languages	Turkish	English, Chichewa	French, Arabic
Currency	Turkish lira (TRY)	Malawian kwacha (MWK)	Central African CFA franc (XAF)
Population	85,300,000	20,900,000	18,300,000
Division of powers	Unitary. 81 provinces administered by centrally appointed governors, alongside elected metropolitan and district municipalities with their own mayors and councils. Local government has genuine budgetary weight in the large cities but no legislative competence.	Unitary with three regions and 28 districts administered by local councils. Traditional authorities exercise recognised functions over customary land and local dispute resolution.	Presidential system with a Prime Minister, a bicameral Parliament of National Assembly and Senate under the 2023 text, and a judiciary headed by the Supreme Court.
How law is made	Bills are introduced by members or the executive, examined in committee and passed by the Assembly. The President may return a law once for reconsideration; if the Assembly re-adopts it unchanged the President must promulgate it or refer it to the Constitutional Court. Presidential decrees take effect on publication in the Official Gazette but lapse where the Assembly later legislates on the same subject.	Bills pass three readings in the National Assembly with committee scrutiny and are presented for presidential assent, which must be given or withheld within 21 days. Constitutional amendments require a two-thirds majority, and amendments affecting entrenched provisions additionally require a referendum.	Bills are examined in committee and plenary and passed by the legislature, then promulgated by the President. The Constitutional Council may be seised before promulgation.
Legal profession	A single profession of avukat, admitted after a four-year law faculty degree and a one-year traineeship, with compulsory membership of a provincial bar association under the Union of Turkish Bar Associations. Representation by counsel is mandatory for companies in most litigation. Judges and prosecutors form a separate career entered by examination and the Justice Academy, and notaries hold a licensed monopoly over authenticated instruments — property transfers require both notarial and land registry formality.	A fused profession of legal practitioners admitted by the High Court after a law degree, regulated by the Malawi Law Society under the Legal Education and Legal Practitioners Act.	Avocats admitted through the Ordre des avocats du Tchad; the profession is concentrated in N'Djamena.

A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.