Comparison
Read two legal systems against each other
Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.
Select up to six documented jurisdictions
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| Attribute | United KingdomReviewed | GermanyReviewed | SwitzerlandReviewed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Legal family | Common law | Civil law | Civil law |
| System of government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Federal parliamentary republic | Federal semi-direct democratic republic |
| Constitution | Uncodified constitution | Grundgesetz (Basic Law) | Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation |
| In force since | 1215 | 1949 | 1999 |
| Capital | London | Berlin | Bern |
| Official languages | English, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic | German | German, French, Italian, Romansh |
| Currency | Pound Sterling (GBP) | Euro (EUR) | Swiss Franc (CHF) |
| Population | 68,500,000 | 84,400,000 | 8,900,000 |
| Division of powers | The executive sits inside the legislature. Judicial independence was strengthened in 2005 when the Supreme Court replaced the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords. | Rechtsstaat separation of powers with an unusually strong Federal Constitutional Court that can annul statutes and hear individual constitutional complaints. | Competences not expressly assigned to the Confederation remain with the 26 cantons, which have their own constitutions, parliaments, governments and courts. Sovereignty is further shared with the electorate: the optional referendum can overturn any federal statute, and the popular initiative can amend the Constitution directly. |
| How law is made | First reading, second reading, committee stage, report stage and third reading in each House, then ping-pong on amendments, then Royal Assent. | Bills originate with the government, Bundestag or Bundesrat, pass three readings in the Bundestag, then require Bundesrat consent or non-objection; a mediation committee resolves deadlock. | A draft goes through a formal consultation procedure (Vernehmlassung) with cantons and interest groups, then must be adopted in identical terms by both chambers, with a conciliation procedure to resolve differences. It then faces a hundred-day window in which 50,000 citizens can demand an optional referendum; only after that period, or a favourable vote, does it enter into force. |
| Legal profession | A split profession: solicitors (regulated by the SRA) advise and conduct litigation; barristers (Bar Standards Board) hold rights of audience in the higher courts. | Two state examinations plus a two-year Referendariat produce the unified jurist qualified as Rechtsanwalt, judge, prosecutor or notary. | The Rechtsanwalt / avocat / avvocato qualification is cantonal: a law degree, a supervised traineeship and a cantonal bar examination, after which registration in a cantonal register permits practice throughout Switzerland. The Swiss Bar Association federates the cantonal bars. Notaries are separately regulated, and in some cantons the office is a public monopoly. |
A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.