Comparison
Read two legal systems against each other
Because every portal follows the same fifteen-section outline, the comparison is genuinely like-for-like rather than a collage of whatever each government happens to publish.
Select up to six documented jurisdictions
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| Attribute | United StatesReviewed | FranceReviewed | JapanReviewed | IndiaReviewed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Legal family | Common law | Civil law | Civil law with common-law influence | Common law with personal-law pluralism |
| System of government | Federal presidential constitutional republic | Unitary semi-presidential republic | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Federal parliamentary republic |
| Constitution | Constitution of the United States | Constitution of the Fifth Republic | Constitution of Japan | Constitution of India |
| In force since | 1789 | 1958 | 1947 | 1950 |
| Capital | Washington, D.C. | Paris | Tokyo | New Delhi |
| Official languages | English, Spanish | French | Japanese | Hindi, English, +22 scheduled languages |
| Currency | US Dollar (USD) | Euro (EUR) | Japanese Yen (JPY) | Indian Rupee (INR) |
| Population | 335,000,000 | 68,200,000 | 123,500,000 | 1,441,000,000 |
| Division of powers | Strict separation between Congress, the President and the federal judiciary, checked by veto, impeachment, advice-and-consent over appointments, and judicial review established in Marbury v. Madison (1803). | Semi-presidential: the President holds reserved powers over defence and foreign affairs; the Government answers to Parliament. The Conseil constitutionnel reviews statutes before promulgation and, since 2008, on referral from litigation. | Parliamentary government with the Cabinet collectively responsible to the Diet, and a Supreme Court holding the final power of constitutional review. | Parliamentary federalism with subjects distributed across Union, State and Concurrent Lists; judicial review is entrenched, and writ jurisdiction under Articles 32 and 226 is broad. |
| How law is made | A bill is introduced in either chamber, referred to committee, reported, debated and voted. It must pass both chambers in identical text, then be signed by the President or survive a veto by a two-thirds vote in each chamber. | A projet or proposition de loi shuttles between the chambers; the Assembly can be given the last word. Organic laws and constitutional amendments follow stricter routes. | Most bills are Cabinet-sponsored, drafted by ministries and reviewed by the Cabinet Legislation Bureau, then passed by both houses; the lower house can override the upper by a two-thirds majority. | Bills pass three readings in each House; money bills originate only in the Lok Sabha. Presidential assent follows, and ordinances may be promulgated between sessions. |
| Legal profession | Admission is state-by-state: an accredited JD, a state bar examination, and a character and fitness review. There is no split between barristers and solicitors. | Avocats qualify through a CRFPA examination and the CAPA. Notaires, huissiers and avocats aux Conseils are separate regulated professions. | Candidates pass the national bar examination, then complete a year at the Legal Training and Research Institute before qualifying as bengoshi, judge or prosecutor. | A single fused profession of advocates enrolled with State Bar Councils under the Advocates Act 1961, subject to the All India Bar Examination. |
A comparison table flattens nuance by design. Where a difference matters to a decision you are making, open both portals and read the section in full — the constitutional detail behind a one-line summary is often the part that governs the outcome.