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Germany

Federal Republic of Germany

Civil lawFederal parliamentary republicReviewed· 2026-06-11
Capital
Berlin
Population
84,400,000
Languages
German
Currency
EUR

Germany · Constitution

Grundgesetz (Basic Law)

Opens with inviolable human dignity in Article 1. The eternity clause in Article 79(3) makes human dignity, the federal structure and the democratic social state permanently unamendable. Amendment otherwise requires two-thirds of the Bundestag and Bundesrat.

The constitutional text

Opens with inviolable human dignity in Article 1. The eternity clause in Article 79(3) makes human dignity, the federal structure and the democratic social state permanently unamendable. Amendment otherwise requires two-thirds of the Bundestag and Bundesrat.

Separation of powers

Rechtsstaat separation of powers with an unusually strong Federal Constitutional Court that can annul statutes and hear individual constitutional complaints.

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