Austria · Constitution
Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz (B-VG)
Drafted largely by Hans Kelsen and enacted in 1920, suspended under the 1934 and Nazi regimes, and restored in 1945. Unusually, the constitution is not a single document: constitutional provisions are scattered across the B-VG and numerous separate constitutional acts. Amendment requires a two-thirds majority in the Nationalrat, and a total revision additionally requires a referendum.
The constitutional text
Drafted largely by Hans Kelsen and enacted in 1920, suspended under the 1934 and Nazi regimes, and restored in 1945. Unusually, the constitution is not a single document: constitutional provisions are scattered across the B-VG and numerous separate constitutional acts. Amendment requires a two-thirds majority in the Nationalrat, and a total revision additionally requires a referendum.
Separation of powers
Nine Länder hold their own constitutions, parliaments and governments, but the federation retains far more legislative power than in Germany or Switzerland; much Länder activity is administering federal law (mittelbare Bundesverwaltung). Three separate high courts sit at the apex, for constitutional, administrative and ordinary matters respectively.
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