Singapore · Constitution
Constitution of the Republic of Singapore
Derived from the 1963 State of Singapore Constitution and amended extensively since independence in 1965. Part IV guarantees fundamental liberties, and Article 4 declares the Constitution supreme and voids inconsistent legislation. The structure has several unusual features: an elected President with custodial powers over past reserves and key public appointments, introduced in 1991; Group Representation Constituencies requiring minority candidates; Non-Constituency and Nominated Members of Parliament; and the Presidential Council for Minority Rights, which scrutinises bills for differentiating measures.
The constitutional text
Derived from the 1963 State of Singapore Constitution and amended extensively since independence in 1965. Part IV guarantees fundamental liberties, and Article 4 declares the Constitution supreme and voids inconsistent legislation. The structure has several unusual features: an elected President with custodial powers over past reserves and key public appointments, introduced in 1991; Group Representation Constituencies requiring minority candidates; Non-Constituency and Nominated Members of Parliament; and the Presidential Council for Minority Rights, which scrutinises bills for differentiating measures.
Separation of powers
Unitary and highly centralised — a city-state with no subnational legislature. Community Development Councils and Town Councils manage local services under statutory authority, but there is no federal or provincial layer and no devolved legislative competence.
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