Procedures
One code for civil and criminal process, with a strong mediation preference
The Civil and Criminal Procedure Code 2001 governs both. Cases start in Dungkhag or Dzongkhag courts, appeal to the High Court and then the Supreme Court, and negotiated settlement is actively encouraged first.
Key rules
- Deadline — Appeal within 10 days of judgment under the Code
- Deadline — Limitation for most civil claims fixed by the Code's schedule
Governing law
- Civil and Criminal Procedure Code of Bhutan, 2001
- Alternative Dispute Resolution Act, 2013
- Jabmi Act, 2003
In practice
The ten-day appeal window is unusually short by regional standards and is strictly applied, which makes diarising judgment dates essential. The 2013 ADR Act established the Bhutan Alternative Dispute Resolution Centre and gives arbitral awards enforceable status. Proceedings are in Dzongkha and English. Parties may appear personally or through a licensed jabmi.