Kyrgyzstan

The three branches

Head of state and government — President

Directly elected for five years, limited to two terms; heads the executive under the 2021 Constitution.

Executive — Cabinet of Ministers, led by its Chairman

The Chairman may simultaneously head the Presidential Administration.

Legislative — Jogorku Kenesh

Unicameral, reduced to 90 members by the 2021 Constitution.

Consultative — People's Kurultai

Created in 2021 as a representative assembly with advisory competence.

Judicial — Supreme Court and Constitutional Court

Judges are selected through the Council for the Selection of Judges.

How legislation is made

Bills may be introduced by deputies, the President, the Cabinet or by a popular initiative of 10,000 voters — a route that genuinely exists and has been used. Drafts must be published for public consultation under the Law on Normative Legal Acts, and bills affecting rights require an expert assessment. After three readings in the Jogorku Kenesh the President may sign or return the bill, and a veto is overridden by two-thirds. The President may also put constitutional amendments and other questions directly to referendum.

Enforcement institutions

Ministry of Internal Affairs

National police service and migration control.

Prosecutor General's Office

Prosecution and supervision of the legality of state bodies' acts.

State Committee for National Security (GKNB)

Security service with a broad remit that includes economic and corruption investigations.

Anti-Corruption Service of the GKNB

The principal corruption investigation body since the 2012 restructuring.

Akyikatchy (Ombudsman)

Human rights institution reporting to the Jogorku Kenesh.