Vietnam · Constitution
Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
The fifth constitution, adopted in November 2013, replacing the 1992 text. It retains Article 4's declaration of the Communist Party's leading role while expanding the human rights chapter, which was moved forward to Chapter II and drafted with reference to international instruments. It recognises a socialist-oriented market economy with multiple forms of ownership, but confirms that land belongs to the entire people with the state as representative owner — the provision that makes land use rights, rather than ownership, the tradeable interest.
The constitutional text
The fifth constitution, adopted in November 2013, replacing the 1992 text. It retains Article 4's declaration of the Communist Party's leading role while expanding the human rights chapter, which was moved forward to Chapter II and drafted with reference to international instruments. It recognises a socialist-oriented market economy with multiple forms of ownership, but confirms that land belongs to the entire people with the state as representative owner — the provision that makes land use rights, rather than ownership, the tradeable interest.
Separation of powers
Unitary. 63 provinces and municipalities have People's Councils and People's Committees which administer within a centralised framework, and Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City and several others have special statutes granting limited additional autonomy. There is no constitutional division of legislative competence.
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