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Egypt

Arab Republic of Egypt

Civil law with Islamic law as principal sourceSemi-presidential republicReviewed· 2026-08-03
Capital
Cairo
Population
105,000,000
Languages
Arabic
Currency
EGP

Egypt · Constitution

Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt

Adopted by referendum in January 2014 after the removal of the 2012 constitution, and substantially amended in 2019. The 2019 amendments extended the presidential term from four to six years with a transitional provision permitting the incumbent to run again, restored an appointed upper chamber as the Senate, gave the President a formal role in appointing the heads of judicial bodies and the Public Prosecutor, and wrote the armed forces' responsibility for safeguarding the constitution and democracy into Article 200.

The constitutional text

Adopted by referendum in January 2014 after the removal of the 2012 constitution, and substantially amended in 2019. The 2019 amendments extended the presidential term from four to six years with a transitional provision permitting the incumbent to run again, restored an appointed upper chamber as the Senate, gave the President a formal role in appointing the heads of judicial bodies and the Public Prosecutor, and wrote the armed forces' responsibility for safeguarding the constitution and democracy into Article 200.

Separation of powers

Unitary, with 27 governorates headed by governors appointed by the President. There is no legislative devolution — governorates administer central policy, and local popular councils have been without elections for over a decade.

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