Egypt · Government
Government and administration in Egypt
How the executive, legislature and administrative state are organised, and which body is responsible for what.
The three branches
- Head of state — President
- Directly elected for six years, renewable once under the 2019 amendments.
- Executive — Cabinet led by the Prime Minister
- Appointed by the President; requires the confidence of the House.
- Legislature — House of Representatives and Senate
- The Senate, restored in 2020, is consultative; legislative power rests with the House.
- Judiciary — Supreme Judicial Council
- Administers the ordinary courts; the Council of State administers its own.
How legislation is made
Bills originate with the government, the President or members of the House of Representatives. They are examined in committee and passed by the House; the President may return a bill once, which the House can override by a two-thirds majority. Where the House is not in session the President may issue decree-laws that have the force of law but lapse unless ratified at the next session. Bills touching the judiciary must be put to the relevant judicial body for its opinion first.
Enforcement institutions
- Public Prosecution (Niyaba)
- Directs criminal investigation as part of the judiciary, not the executive.
- Ministry of Interior and the police
- Investigative and public-order policing under prosecutorial direction.
- Administrative Control Authority
- Investigates public-sector corruption and maladministration.
- Egyptian Financial Regulatory Authority
- Supervises capital markets, insurance and non-bank finance.
Government bodies and regulators
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