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Poland

Republic of Poland

Civil lawUnitary parliamentary republicReviewed· 2026-08-02
Capital
Warsaw
Population
36,700,000
Languages
Polish
Currency
PLN

Poland · Constitution

Constitution of the Republic of Poland

Adopted by the National Assembly and confirmed by referendum in 1997. It guarantees a catalogue of rights, entrenches the rule of law, and provides for a Constitutional Tribunal, an Ombudsman and a constitutional complaint. Amendment needs a two-thirds Sejm majority and an absolute majority in the Senate.

The constitutional text

Adopted by the National Assembly and confirmed by referendum in 1997. It guarantees a catalogue of rights, entrenches the rule of law, and provides for a Constitutional Tribunal, an Ombudsman and a constitutional complaint. Amendment needs a two-thirds Sejm majority and an absolute majority in the Senate.

Separation of powers

A tripartite separation under Article 10, with a directly elected President holding a legislative veto that only a three-fifths Sejm majority can override.

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