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India

Republic of India

Common law with personal-law pluralismFederal parliamentary republicReviewed· 2026-06-02
Capital
New Delhi
Population
1,441,000,000
Languages
Hindi, English
Currency
INR

India · Constitution

Constitution of India

Around 145,000 words across 25 parts, 12 schedules and over 470 articles. Part III guarantees fundamental rights; Part IV sets non-justiciable directive principles. The basic structure doctrine limits what even a constitutional amendment may do.

The constitutional text

Around 145,000 words across 25 parts, 12 schedules and over 470 articles. Part III guarantees fundamental rights; Part IV sets non-justiciable directive principles. The basic structure doctrine limits what even a constitutional amendment may do.

Separation of powers

Parliamentary federalism with subjects distributed across Union, State and Concurrent Lists; judicial review is entrenched, and writ jurisdiction under Articles 32 and 226 is broad.

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