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India

Republic of India

Common law with personal-law pluralismFederal parliamentary republicReviewed· 2026-06-02
Capital
New Delhi
Population
1,441,000,000
Languages
Hindi, English
Currency
INR

India · Legislation

Legislation and primary sources

Where to find the authoritative text of the law in India, and how to confirm it is still in force.

Sources of law, ranked

Constitution
Supreme; amendable under Article 368 subject to basic structure.
Central and State legislation
Allocated by the Seventh Schedule lists.
Judicial precedent
Supreme Court decisions bind all courts under Article 141.
Personal laws
Hindu, Muslim, Christian and Parsi law in family matters.
Customary law
Recognised where ancient, certain and not unreasonable.

The legislative process

Bills pass three readings in each House; money bills originate only in the Lok Sabha. Presidential assent follows, and ordinances may be promulgated between sessions.

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