Uzbekistan

The three branches

Head of state — President

Seven-year term, limited to two, following the 2023 revision.

Executive — Cabinet of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister

The 2023 revision strengthened the Cabinet's accountability to the legislature.

Legislative — Oliy Majlis — Senate and Legislative Chamber

Legislative Chamber of 150 members; Senate of 100 representing the regions.

Judicial — Supreme Court and lower courts

The Supreme Judicial Council selects and disciplines judges.

Autonomous republic — Jokargy Kenes of Karakalpakstan

Legislature of the sovereign autonomous republic, with its own constitution.

How legislation is made

Bills are introduced in the Legislative Chamber by deputies, the President, the Cabinet, the Constitutional or Supreme Court, the Prosecutor General or the Jokargy Kenes of Karakalpakstan. After passage they go to the Senate, which may reject and return them; disagreement is resolved by a conciliation commission. The President signs and promulgates, and may return a law once for reconsideration. Presidential decrees and resolutions are a major independent source of operative law, and in practice regulate much of the economy directly.

Enforcement institutions

Ministry of Internal Affairs

Police, migration and residence registration.

Prosecutor General's Office

Prosecution and general supervision of legality in the post-Soviet tradition.

Anti-Corruption Agency

Created in 2020; prevention, asset declarations and corruption-risk assessment.

State Security Service

Successor to the National Security Service, reorganised in 2018 with a narrowed statutory mandate.

Authorised Person of the Oliy Majlis for Human Rights

Ombudsman; receives complaints against state bodies and reports to Parliament.