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Peru

Republic of Peru

Civil lawUnitary semi-presidential republicReviewed· 2026-08-02
Capital
Lima
Population
34,000,000
Languages
Spanish, Quechua
Currency
PEN

Peru · Constitution

Political Constitution of Peru

Approved by referendum in 1993 after the 1992 self-coup, replacing the 1979 Constitution. It reduced the state's economic role, created a unicameral Congress and established the Defensoría del Pueblo. A 2018 referendum banned immediate re-election of legislators; a 2024 reform restored bicameralism with effect from the 2026 elections.

The constitutional text

Approved by referendum in 1993 after the 1992 self-coup, replacing the 1979 Constitution. It reduced the state's economic role, created a unicameral Congress and established the Defensoría del Pueblo. A 2018 referendum banned immediate re-election of legislators; a 2024 reform restored bicameralism with effect from the 2026 elections.

Separation of powers

Unitary and decentralised, with twenty-five regional governments and the Lima Metropolitan Municipality holding elected councils and administrative competence. Peasant and native communities exercise jurisdiction within their territory under Article 149 in coordination with the justices of the peace.

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