Peru

The three branches

Executive — President and Council of Ministers

Five-year term, no immediate re-election; a President of the Council of Ministers leads the cabinet.

Legislative — Congress of the Republic

130 members, unicameral until the 2026 return to two chambers.

Judicial — Judiciary and Junta Nacional de Justicia

The Junta, created in 2019, appoints and removes judges and prosecutors.

Autonomous — Ministerio Público, Defensoría del Pueblo, JNE

Prosecution, ombudsman and electoral bodies are constitutionally autonomous.

How legislation is made

Bills come from Congress, the executive, regional governments or citizens. A single chamber debates in committee and plenary; a second vote is required unless exempted. The President may observe a bill, and Congress insists by absolute majority. Constitutional amendment needs an absolute majority in two successive ordinary legislatures, or a two-thirds vote plus referendum.

Enforcement institutions

Ministerio Público — Fiscalía de la Nación

Autonomous body directing criminal investigation.

Policía Nacional del Perú

Single national police force under the Interior Ministry.

Defensoría del Pueblo

Ombudsman with standing to bring constitutional actions.