Russia · Constitution
Constitution of the Russian Federation
Adopted by referendum in December 1993 after the constitutional crisis of that year. Amended in 2008 and 2014, and extensively in 2020 — resetting presidential terms, elevating the State Council, and providing that decisions of international bodies contrary to the Constitution are not enforceable in Russia.
The constitutional text
Adopted by referendum in December 1993 after the constitutional crisis of that year. Amended in 2008 and 2014, and extensively in 2020 — resetting presidential terms, elevating the State Council, and providing that decisions of international bodies contrary to the Constitution are not enforceable in Russia.
Separation of powers
Federal and semi-presidential: the President is a distinct branch-transcending office with wide appointment and decree powers, and since 2020 may initiate the removal of senior judges through the Federation Council.
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