Property
All land is state property; only use rights can be held
The Constitution vests all land in the state. Nobody, citizen or foreigner, owns land — what exists is a perpetual or fixed-term land-use right, which since 2012 is transferable.
Key rules
- Jurisdiction — Land-use certificates are registered with the State Unitary Enterprise for immovable property registration.
Governing law
- Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan (art. 13)
- Land Code of the Republic of Tajikistan1996, amended 2012
- Law on State Registration of Immovable Property and Rights Thereto
In practice
Tajikistan is the clearest case in the region of land remaining wholly state-owned. The 2012 amendments made land-use rights alienable, mortgageable and inheritable, which created a functioning market in the right without privatising the land itself. Buildings can be owned outright, including by foreigners. Agricultural reform converted collective farms into dehkan farms holding use rights, and the security of those certificates is the central rural legal issue.